Religion has been an important historical factor in the acceptance and complications of interracial marriage. Studies have shown that those who are more religiously involved are less open to race relations. In surveys, those who said religion was a major factor in their child`s identity were less likely to marry off outside their race. [10] There are also studies that have led to similar results; In another survey, those who chose religion as the most important identifying factor were also the least likely to have an interracial relationship compared to others who chose other descriptive or identifying factors, such as race, social class, or age. [11] Interracial marriages, particularly among Southeast Asians, are on the rise. Currently, there is an increasing number of mixed marriages in Southeast Asia, particularly between Filipinos and Malaysians (Dumanig, 2009). These marriages have an impact on language, religion and culture. Dumanig argues that Filipino-Malaysian couples no longer prefer their own ethnic languages as a means of communication at home. The use of English with some alternation in Bahasa Malaysian, Chinese and Filipino is commonly used.
[350] Interethnic marriages in Japan date back to the 7th century, when Chinese and Korean immigrants began marrying the local population. At the beginning of the 9th century, more than a third of all noble families in Japan had ancestors of foreign origin. [299] In the 1590s, more than 50,000 Koreans were forcibly taken to Japan, where they married the local population. In the 16th and 17th centuries. In the nineteenth century, about 58,000 Japanese traveled abroad, many of whom married local women in Southeast Asia. [300] Mattias Erzberger, leader of the centrists, also advocated “against the spread of half-blood.” “99 percent of all half-bloods in the colonies result from extramarital sex,” he said. Therefore, it is absurd to prohibit mixed marriages, because the fight against miscegenation must be waged by the fight against cohabitation, and not by a ban on marriage, which will only increase cohabitation. Much of the business with foreign men in Southeast Asia was done by local women who had sexual and commercial relations with foreign traders.
A Vietnamese woman speaking Portuguese and Malay who has long lived in Macau was the person who interpreted for the first diplomatic meeting between Cochinchina and a Dutch delegation. She served for three decades as an interpreter at the court in Cochin, China, with an elderly woman married to three husbands, one Vietnamese and two Portuguese. [326] [327] [328] Cosmopolitan exchanges were facilitated by the marriage of Vietnamese women to Portuguese merchants. These Vietnamese women were married to Portuguese men and lived in Macau, which allowed them to be fluent in Malay and Portuguese. [329] Particularly among male nationals from the Russian Federation (50.4%), the United States (49.5%), and Great Britain (42.2%), the number of intermarriages was high, likely due to Allied troops stationed in Germany. Over time, the balance of mixed marriages between German women and foreign men shifted to marriages between German men and foreign women (see Figure 2). In 2006, 57.7% of new mixed marriages involved a German man and 42.3% a German woman. Thousands of interracial marriages between Americans and Filipinos have taken place since the United States took possession of the Philippines after the Philippine-American War. Due to the Philippines` strategic location, up to 21 bases and 100,000 military personnel have been stationed there since the United States first colonized the islands in 1898.
These bases were closed in 1992 after the end of the Cold War, but left behind thousands of Amerase children. The Pearl S. Buck International Foundation estimates that 52,000 Amerasians are scattered throughout the Philippines. In the Orthodox Serer religion and custom, interreligious and interracial marriages are prohibited. Banishment and disinheritance may be brought against a Serer who does not follow these usual teachings. [205] The Serer-Midi (a subgroup of the Serer people) strongly adhere to these teachings. [205] For this reason, Senegal`s first president, Léopold Sédar Senghor, received no support from the Serer community, especially the ultra-traditional Serer. Although he was born into an aristocratic Serer family, he received no support from the Serer community due to his marriage to his French wife (see below). Instead, it was supported by other ethnic groups such as the Wolof and Peuhl. In turn, Senghor failed to develop Serer villages and towns.
[206] [207] According to Gilberto Freyre, a Brazilian sociologist, miscegenation was commonplace in the Portuguese colonies and was even supported by the court to promote the small populations and ensure a successful and coherent settlement. Thus, settlers often freed African slaves to become their wives. Children were guaranteed full Portuguese nationality if the parents were married. Some former Portuguese colonies have large mestizo populations, for example Brazil, Cape Verde, Mozambique, Timor-Leste, Macao and São Tomé and Príncipe. In the case of Brazil, José de Alencar`s influential “Indian” novels (O Guarany, Iracema and Ubirajara) may have gone further than in other colonies, advocating racial mixing to create a truly Brazilian race. [396] Mixed marriages between Portuguese and natives in the former colonies were very common in all Portuguese colonies. Miscegenation was still widespread in Africa until the independence of the former Portuguese colonies in the mid-1970s. During World War I, there were 135,000 soldiers from British India,[388] a large number of soldiers from North Africa,[389] and 20,000 workers from South Africa,[390] serving in France. Much of the French male population had gone to war, leaving behind a surplus of French women,[389] many of whom had established interracial relations with non-white, mainly Indian,[391][392] and North African soldiers. [388] British and French authorities allowed foreign Muslim soldiers to marry native French women on the basis of Islamic law, which allows marriage between Muslim men and Christian women.
